Print Culture And The Modern World
• But the production of handwritten manuscripts could not satisfy the ever-increasing demand for books because:
→ Copying was an expensive, laborious and time-consuming business.
→ Manuscripts were fragile, awkward to handle.
• In the 1430s, Johann Gutenberg invented new printing technology by developing first-known printing press at Strasbourg, Germany.
Gutenberg and the Printing Press
• Gutenberg learned the art of polishing stones, became a master goldsmith, and also acquired the expertise to create lead moulds used for making trinkets.
• Based on this knowledge, Gutenberg adapted existing technology to design his innovation.
• By 1448, Gutenberg perfected the system.
→ The first book he printed was the Bible.
• Between 1450 and 1550, printing presses were set up in most countries of Europe.
The Print Revolution and Its Impact
A New Reading Public
• Access to books created a new culture of reading.
• However, the rates of literacy in most European countries were very low till the twentieth century which was a major hurdle in spreading of this culture.
• So printers began publishing popular ballads and folk tales, and such books would be profusely illustrated with pictures.
Religious Debates and the Fear of Print
• People believed can lead to the fear of the spread of rebellious and irreligious thoughts.
• In 1517, the religious reformer Martin Luther wrote ‘Ninety Five Theses’ criticising many of the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church.
→ This led to a division within the Church and to the beginning of the Protestant Reformation.
The Reading Mania• By the end of the eighteenth century, in some parts of Europe literacy rates were as high as 60 to 80 percent.
Print Culture and the Modern World Summary
The NCERT Class 9 India and the Contemporary World – II Chapter 5 talks about the following topics:
- The First Printed Books
1.1 Print in Japan
- Print Comes to Europe
2.1 Gutenberg and the Printing Press
- The Print Revolution and Its Impact
3.1 A New Reading Public
3.2 Religious Debates and the Fear of Print
3.3 Print and Dissent
- The Reading Mania
4.1 Tremble, therefore, tyrants of the world!
4.2 Print Culture and the French Revolution
- The Nineteenth Century
5.1 Children, Women and Workers
5.2 Further innovations
- India and the World of Print
6.1 Manuscripts Before the Age of Print
6.2 Print Comes to India
- Religious Reform and Public Debates
- New Forms of Publication
8.1 Women and Print
8.2 Print and the Poor People
- Print and Censorship
The First Printed Books
Print in China
• The earliest print technology was developed in China, Japan and Korea.
Print in China
• The earliest print technology was developed in China, Japan and Korea.
• By the seventeenth century, as urban culture bloomed in China, the uses of print diversified.
• In the late nineteenth century, western printing techniques and mechanical presses were imported as Western powers established their outposts in China.
• Shanghai became the hub of the new print culture.
Print in Japan
• Around AD 768-770, Buddhist missionaries from China introduced hand-printing technology into Japan.
• The Buddhist Diamond Sutra was the oldest Japanese book which was printed in AD 868.
Print Comes to Europe
• In the 11th century, Chinese paper reached Europe via the silk route.
• In 1295, Marco Polo, a great explorer, returned to Italy from China and brought printing knowledge back with him.
• Italians began producing books with woodblocks, and soon the technology spread to other parts of Europe.
• The Buddhist Diamond Sutra was the oldest Japanese book which was printed in AD 868.
Print Comes to Europe
• In the 11th century, Chinese paper reached Europe via the silk route.
• In 1295, Marco Polo, a great explorer, returned to Italy from China and brought printing knowledge back with him.
• Italians began producing books with woodblocks, and soon the technology spread to other parts of Europe.
→ As the demand for books increased, booksellers all over Europe began exporting books to many different countries.
• But the production of handwritten manuscripts could not satisfy the ever-increasing demand for books because:
→ Copying was an expensive, laborious and time-consuming business.
→ Manuscripts were fragile, awkward to handle.
• In the 1430s, Johann Gutenberg invented new printing technology by developing first-known printing press at Strasbourg, Germany.
Gutenberg and the Printing Press
• Gutenberg learned the art of polishing stones, became a master goldsmith, and also acquired the expertise to create lead moulds used for making trinkets.
• Based on this knowledge, Gutenberg adapted existing technology to design his innovation.
• By 1448, Gutenberg perfected the system.
→ The first book he printed was the Bible.
• Between 1450 and 1550, printing presses were set up in most countries of Europe.
The Print Revolution and Its Impact
A New Reading Public
• Access to books created a new culture of reading.
• However, the rates of literacy in most European countries were very low till the twentieth century which was a major hurdle in spreading of this culture.
• So printers began publishing popular ballads and folk tales, and such books would be profusely illustrated with pictures.
Religious Debates and the Fear of Print
• People believed can lead to the fear of the spread of rebellious and irreligious thoughts.
• In 1517, the religious reformer Martin Luther wrote ‘Ninety Five Theses’ criticising many of the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church.
→ This led to a division within the Church and to the beginning of the Protestant Reformation.
The Reading Mania• By the end of the eighteenth century, in some parts of Europe literacy rates were as high as 60 to 80 percent.
• In England, Penny chapbooks were carried by petty pedlars known as chapmen and sold for a penny.
• In France were the ‘Biliotheque Bleue’ - low priced small books printed on poor quality paper and bound in cheap blue covers.
• Newspapers and journals carried information about wars and trade, as well as news of developments in other places.
Print Culture and the French Revolution
• Print culture created the conditions within which French Revolution occurred.
• Print popularized the ideas of the Enlightenment thinkers.
• Print created a new culture of dialogue and debate.
• By the 1780s, literature mocked the royalty and criticized their morality were large in number.
The Nineteenth Century
Children, Women and Workers
• In 1857, in France, a children’s press, devoted to literature for children alone was set up.
• Women became important as readers as well as writers.
• Penny Magazines were especially meant for women, manuals teaching proper behaviors and housekeeping.
• In the nineteenth century, lending libraries in England became a medium for educating white-collar workers, artisans and lower-middle-class people.
Further Innovations
• By mid 19th Century, Richard M. Hoe perfected the power driven cylindrical press.
• In the late 19th century, offset press was developed that can print up to six colours at a time.
• By the 20th century, electrically operated presses accelerated printing operations.
India and the World of Print
Manuscripts Before the Age of Print
• In India, manuscripts were copied on palm leaves or on handmade paper.
Print Comes to India
• In the mid-sixteenth century, the printing press first came to Goa with Portuguese missionaries.
• By 1674: About 50 books had been printed in Konkani and in Karana languages.
• Cochin, 1579, Catholic priests printed the first Tamil book
• In 1713, Catholic priests printed the first Malayalam book
• By 1710, Dutch Protestant missionaries had printed 32 Tamil texts
• From 1780: James Augustus Hickey began editing the Bengal Gazette, a weekly magazine.
Religious Reform and Public Debates
• From the early nineteenth century, there were intense debates around religious issues.
• Different groups offered a variety of new interpretations of the beliefs of different religions.
• In 1821, Rammohun Roy published the Sambad Kaumudi.
• In 1810, the first printed edition of the Ramcharitmanas of Tulsidas, a 16th century text published in Calcutta.
New Forms of Publication
• The novel, a literary firm which had developed in Europe soon acquired distinctively Indian forms and styles.
• Other new literary forms such as lyrics, short stories, essays about social and political matters also entered the world of reading.
• Painters like Raja Ravi Varma produced visual images for mass circulation.
Women and Print
• Liberal husbands and fathers began educating their womenfolk at home.
• Conservative Hindus believed that a literate girl would be widowed.
• Muslims feared that educated women would be corrupted by reading Urdu romances.
• In France were the ‘Biliotheque Bleue’ - low priced small books printed on poor quality paper and bound in cheap blue covers.
• Newspapers and journals carried information about wars and trade, as well as news of developments in other places.
Print Culture and the French Revolution
• Print culture created the conditions within which French Revolution occurred.
• Print popularized the ideas of the Enlightenment thinkers.
• Print created a new culture of dialogue and debate.
• By the 1780s, literature mocked the royalty and criticized their morality were large in number.
The Nineteenth Century
Children, Women and Workers
• In 1857, in France, a children’s press, devoted to literature for children alone was set up.
• Women became important as readers as well as writers.
• Penny Magazines were especially meant for women, manuals teaching proper behaviors and housekeeping.
• In the nineteenth century, lending libraries in England became a medium for educating white-collar workers, artisans and lower-middle-class people.
Further Innovations
• By mid 19th Century, Richard M. Hoe perfected the power driven cylindrical press.
• In the late 19th century, offset press was developed that can print up to six colours at a time.
• By the 20th century, electrically operated presses accelerated printing operations.
India and the World of Print
Manuscripts Before the Age of Print
• In India, manuscripts were copied on palm leaves or on handmade paper.
Print Comes to India
• In the mid-sixteenth century, the printing press first came to Goa with Portuguese missionaries.
• By 1674: About 50 books had been printed in Konkani and in Karana languages.
• Cochin, 1579, Catholic priests printed the first Tamil book
• In 1713, Catholic priests printed the first Malayalam book
• By 1710, Dutch Protestant missionaries had printed 32 Tamil texts
• From 1780: James Augustus Hickey began editing the Bengal Gazette, a weekly magazine.
Religious Reform and Public Debates
• From the early nineteenth century, there were intense debates around religious issues.
• Different groups offered a variety of new interpretations of the beliefs of different religions.
• In 1821, Rammohun Roy published the Sambad Kaumudi.
• In 1810, the first printed edition of the Ramcharitmanas of Tulsidas, a 16th century text published in Calcutta.
New Forms of Publication
• The novel, a literary firm which had developed in Europe soon acquired distinctively Indian forms and styles.
• Other new literary forms such as lyrics, short stories, essays about social and political matters also entered the world of reading.
• Painters like Raja Ravi Varma produced visual images for mass circulation.
Women and Print
• Liberal husbands and fathers began educating their womenfolk at home.
• Conservative Hindus believed that a literate girl would be widowed.
• Muslims feared that educated women would be corrupted by reading Urdu romances.
Print and the Poor People
• In the 19th century, very cheap and small books were brought to markets.
• From the late nineteenth century, issues of caste discrimination began to be written about in many printed tracts and essays.
Print and Censorship
• Before 1798, the colonial state under the East India Company was not much concerned about censorship.
• By 1820s, the Calcutta Supreme Court passed certain regulations to control press freedom.
• After the revolt of 1857, the attitude to freedom of the press changed.
• In 1878, the Vernacular Press Act was passed which provided the government with extensive rights to censor reports and editorials in the vernacular press.
→ Despite repressive measures, nationalist newspapers grew in numbers in all parts of India.
One Mark Questions With Answers
1. Who brought Printing to Europe?
2. When and Who brought Print technology to India?
3. Which was the first book printed by Gutenberg?
4. Which of the reading source is famous among Women?
5. Vernacular Press Act of 1878 was modeled on which Act?
6. When the first paperback edition of books published?
7. In which countries first printing was developed?
8. Who brought wood Block Printing to Europe?
9. The first printed edition of ‘Ramcharitmanas’ by Tulsidas came out in which year?
10. Which reformer is responsible for Protestant Reformation?
2. When and Who brought Print technology to India?
3. Which was the first book printed by Gutenberg?
4. Which of the reading source is famous among Women?
5. Vernacular Press Act of 1878 was modeled on which Act?
6. When the first paperback edition of books published?
7. In which countries first printing was developed?
8. Who brought wood Block Printing to Europe?
9. The first printed edition of ‘Ramcharitmanas’ by Tulsidas came out in which year?
10. Which reformer is responsible for Protestant Reformation?
Answers Of 1 Mark Questions
1. Yohana Gutenberg
2. Sixteenth century, Portuguese
3. Bible
4. Penny Magazines
5. Irish Press laws
6. With the start of Great Depression.
7. China, Japan and Korea
8. Marco Polo
9. Calcutta, 1810
10. Martin Luther
2. Sixteenth century, Portuguese
3. Bible
4. Penny Magazines
5. Irish Press laws
6. With the start of Great Depression.
7. China, Japan and Korea
8. Marco Polo
9. Calcutta, 1810
10. Martin Luther
Q.Woodblock print only came to Europe after 1295. Give Reason.
Woodblock print was invented around the sixth century in China. It came to Europe, along with Marco Polo, in 1295. Marco Polo returned to Italy after many years of exploration in China, and he brought the knowledge of woodblock print with him on his return
Q.Why was Martin Luther in favour of print and spoke out in praise of it?
Martin Luther was in favour of print and spoke out in praise of it because print media helped popularise and spread his ideas. In 1517, he wrote the Ninety Five Theses, criticising the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church. These writings were immediately reproduced in vast numbers and read widely. His translation of the New Testament was also accepted and read by thousands. This was only possible due to the improvements in print technology which had allowed even the working classes to gain access to books.
Q.The Roman Catholic Church began keeping an Index of Prohibited books from the mid-sixteenth century. Why?
The Roman Catholic Church began keeping an index of Prohibited books from the mid-sixteenth century because its authority was being put in danger by the several individual and distinctive readings and questionings of faith prompted by the easily accessible popular religious literature. To supplement its inquisition and repression of heretical ideas, the Roman Catholic Church exercised strict control over publishers and booksellers, and also began to keep an Index of Prohibited Books from 1558.
Q.Gandhi said the fight for Swaraj is a fight for liberty of speech, liberty of the press, and freedom of association. Why? Give Reason?
Gandhi said the fight for Swaraj is a fight for liberty of speech, liberty of the press, and freedom of association because he considered these to be powerful modes of expression and cultivation of public opinion. The denial of these freedoms was not compatible with the idea of self rule and independence. Hence, the fight for these freedoms, according to him, was intrinsically a fight for Swaraj or self rule.
Q.Write short notes to show what you know about The Gutenberg Press.
The Gutenberg Press: It was established by Johann Gutenberg. By 1448, he had perfected the system of printing with olive and wine presses, using contemporary technological innovations. The first book that he printed was the Bible, making 180 copies in 3 years.
Although these books were printed, a unique touch remained in the handmade decorations of the front page, illuminated borders and purchaser-specified designs. The Gutenberg Press was the first-known printing press in the 1430s.
Q.Write short notes to show what you know about Erasmus’s idea of the printed book.
Erasmus’s idea of the printed book: He was critical of the print medium. He believed that though some books do provide worthwhile knowledge, others are simply a bane for scholarship.
Erasmus accused printers of publishing books that were not mere trifling but “stupid, slanderous, scandalous, raving, irreligious and seditious”. He also felt that large numbers of such books reduce the value of the quality writings.
Q.Write short notes to show what you know about The Vernacular Press Act.
The Vernacular Press Act: Modelled on the Irish Press Laws, it was passed in 1878. This law gave the government tyrannical rights to censor reports and editorials in the vernacular press.
If a seditious report was published and the newspaper did not heed to an initial warning, then the press was seized and the printing machinery confiscated. This was a complete violation of the freedom of expression.
Q.What did the spread of print culture in nineteenth century India mean to Women?
Women: The spread of print culture in nineteenth-century India brought about educational reforms for women. Liberal husbands and fathers educated their womenfolk at home or sent them to schools for women. Women who had been restricted to a domestic life for generations, now found a new medium of entertainment. They also began to write articles for journals, in favour of women’s education and literacy. Some even wrote books; Rashsundari Devi’s autobiography “Amar Jiban” was the first full-length autobiography, published in 1876. Conservatives believed that education and reading would make women widows, or corrupt them. Many women learnt to read and write in secret in such traditionalist environments.
Q.What did the spread of print culture in nineteenth century India mean to the poor?
The poor: They benefitted from the spread of print culture in India on account of the availability of low-price books and public libraries. Enlightening essays were written against caste discrimination and its inherent injustices. These were read by people across the country. On the encouragement and support of social reformers, over-worked factory workers set up libraries for self-education, and some of them even published their own works, for example, Kashibaba and his “Chhote Aur Bade Sawal”.
Q.What did the spread of print culture in nineteenth century India mean to Reformers?
Reformers: Print culture’s popularity was an advantage for social and religious reformers as they could now spread their opinions, through newspapers and books, across the masses. These ideas could then be debated upon by different groups of people. Reformist ideas were put forward in the local, everyday languages of the common people so as to create a wider platform for the same.
Q.Why did some people in eighteenth century Europe think that print culture would bring enlightenment and end despotism?
Some people in eighteenth-century Europe thought that print culture would bring enlightenment and end despotism. It’s easy and cheap availability meant that literacy would no longer be restricted to the upper classes. While the clergy and monarchs feared the enlightenment that a vast reading public would gain, reformers like Martin Luther welcomed the change. They felt that it would mark an end to the blind adherence to the rulers’ ideology. This can be seen in the French Revolution as well. The print medium allowed the ideals of freedom, equality and brotherhood set forth by Rousseau and Voltaire in their writings to reach the public. It created a new culture of dialogue and debate that initiated the working class into questioning and re-evaluating social customs and norms. The power of reason that the public gained initiated social reform, and brought an end to despotism.
Q.Why did some people fear the effect of easily available printed books? Choose one example from Europe and one from India.
The people who feared the effect of easily available printed books were the ones who held some power, whether in terms of religion, caste, class or politics. The fear was that their power and authority would get eroded if ideas questioning their power and authority gained mass popularity. In Europe, for example, the Roman Catholic Church conveyed its sense of apprehension for the print medium by stating that the promotion of new “printed” readings of faith would lead to blasphemous questionings of faith and encourage heretical ideas. It considered itself to be the sole authority for interpreting religion. Hence, it set up the Index of Prohibited Books in 1558 to repress any published material that it felt corroded this authority.
In India, apart from the colonial government which did its bit in regulating and suppressing newspapers and books that questioned and criticised colonial authority, the religious leaders and the upper castes also displayed their fear of the print medium. They understood that their religious and social superiority was in danger due to the easily accessible “printed” ideas contradicting their systems of beliefs. They knew that the popularisation of such ideas would incite people to rebellion.
Q.What were the effects of the spread of print culture for poor people in nineteenth century India?
The poor people benefitted from the spread of print culture in India on account of the availability of low-price books and public libraries. Enlightening essays were written against caste discrimination and its inherent injustices. These were read by people across the country. On the encouragement and support of social reformers, over-worked factory workers set up libraries for self-education, and some of them even published their own works, for example, Kashibaba and his “Chhote Aur Bade Sawal”.
Q.Explain how print culture assisted the growth of nationalism in India.
Print culture assisted the growth of nationalism in India by providing easy access to nationalist ideals and ideas of freedom and equality to the masses. Social reformers could now print their opinions in newspapers, which sparked off public debates. The power of reason made the common people question the authority of colonial power. Interestingly, when the British tried to censor and control print media, nationalist newspapers grew in number everywhere in the country. They reported on colonial misrule and encouraged people to participate in nationalist activities. Attempts to censor anti-colonial publications aroused militant protests as well.
Q.1 Give reason for the following:
Woodblock print only came to Europe after 1295
Martin Luther was in favour of print and spoke out in praise of it
The Roman Catholic Church began keeping an Index of prohibited books from the mid-sixteenth century
Gandhi said the fight for Swaraj is a fight for the liberty of speech, liberty of the press, and freedom of association
Solution: (a) Marco Polo, the Italian explorer, visited China and learnt the technology of woodblock printing. When he returned to Italy in 1295, he brought this knowledge back with him. Gradually this knowledge spread from Italy to other parts of Europe.
(b) In 1517, Martin Luther, the religious reformer wrote ninety-five theses that criticised the corrupt practices of the Catholic Church and pasted these on the church door in Wittenberg. Very soon, thousands of copies of Luther’s theses were printed, spreading his ideas among people. Martin Luther was deeply moved by realizing the power of printing, which brought about the reformation movement and the eventual birth of Protestantism.
(c) Print and popular literature encouraged many distinctive interpretations of religious faiths and ideas. In the 16th century, Manocchio, a roller in Italy began to read books available readily in his locality. He gave a new interpretation of the Bible and formulated a view of God and creation that enraged the Roman Catholic Church. As a result, Manocchio was hauled up twice and ultimately executed when the Roman Catholic Church began its inquisition.
(d) Mahatma Gandhi said these words in 1922 during the Non-cooperation Movement (1920-22). According to him, without the liberty of speech, the liberty of the press and freedom of association, no nation can even survive. If the country was to get free from foreign domination, then these liberties were quite important.
Q.2 Write short notes on what you know about:
The Gutenberg Press
Erasmus’s idea of the printed book
The Vernacular Press Act
Solution: (a) The Gutenberg Press was the first printing press of Europe. It was invented by Johannes Gutenberg of Strasbourg. He grew up in a large agricultural estate and had knowledge and experience in operating olive and wine presses. He invented the printing press around the year 1448 with the Bible being the first book to be printed.
(b) Erasmus, the Latin scholar, was not happy with the printing of books because he was afraid that this would lead to the circulation of books with rebellious ideas. He felt that although a few books may give useful information, the majority of books may just be irrelevant or illogical through which scandalous of irreligious ideas will spread, ultimately leading to incitement of rebellion.
(c) The Vernacular Press Act was passed in 1878 by the British government in India. This act provided the government with extensive rights to censor reports and editorials in the Vernacular Press. If a Vernacular Paper published any seditious material, the paper was banned and its printing machinery was seized and destroyed.
Q.3 What did the spread of print culture in the nineteenth century India mean to:
a)Women
b)The poor
c)Reformers
Solution: (a) Women: Women became as important as readers and writers. Reading habits improved among them. With an increase in literacy, women took great interest in reading and writing. Many journals started emphasizing the importance of women’s education. Many magazines and books were especially published for women. The print culture gave women some amount of freedom to read and develop their own views on various issues, especially those related to women.
(b) The Poor: As the literacy rate improved in Europe as well as in India, printed material, especially for entertainment, began to reach even the poor. In England ‘penny magazines’ were carried by peddlers and sold for a penny, so that even poor people could buy them. Those who could not read could listen to the stories and folklore. These stories and folklore could be read out to them by others. Books could be hired on a nominal fee from some book owners. Even in India, very cheap small books were brought to the market in 19th century Madras towns, which allowed poor people to have access to print culture.
(c) Reformers: Reformers used newspapers, journals and books to highlight the social evils prevailing in the society. Raja Ram Mohan Roy published the ‘Sambad Kaumudi’ to highlight the plight of widows. From the 1860s, many Bengali women writers like Kailashbashini Debi wrote books highlighting the experiences of women, about how women were imprisoned at home, kept in ignorance, forced to do hard domestic labour and were treated unjustly by the menfolk they served.
Q.4 Why did some people in the eighteenth century Europe think that culture would bring enlightenment and end despotism?
Solution:
The spreading of new ideas after the coming of print culture, the ideas of scientists and philosophers now became more accessible to the common people. Ancient and medieval scientific texts were compiled and published.
Books as Medium of Progress By the eighteenth century, books became a medium of spreading progress and enlightenment which could change society and the world. It was also believed that the books could liberate society from despotism and tyranny.
Writings of Scholars: The writings of thinkers such as Jean Jacques Rousseau, Thomas Paine and Voltaire were also widely printed and could gain popularity. Thus their ideas about science, rationality and reasoning found their way into popular literature.
Scientific Discoveries: Maps and more accurate scientific diagrams were widely printed when scientists like Issac Newton began to publish their discoveries. They could influence a much wider circle of scientifically-minded readers.
Q.5 What were the effects of the spread of print culture for poor people in nineteenth-century India?
Solution: Public libraries were set up from the early twentieth century, expanding access to books. These libraries were located mostly in cities and towns and at times in prosperous villages. For rich local patrons, setting up a library was a way of acquiring prestige.
From the late nineteenth century, issues of caste discrimination were written about in many printed tracts and essays.
Jyotiba Phule, the Maratha pioneer of ‘low caste’ protest movements, wrote about the injustices of the caste system in his Gulamgiri (1871). In the twentieth century, B.R. Ambedkar in Maharashtra and E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker in Madras (better known as Periyar) wrote powerfully on caste and their writings were read by people all over India. Local protest movements and sects also created a lot of popular journals and tracts, criticising ancient scriptures and envisioning a new and just future.
At the very least it made pooer people aware of their rights and their place in society and Print media showed the way in which they can improve their lot in life.
Q.6 Explain how the print culture assisted in the growth of nationalism in India.
Solution: Print culture assisted in the growth of nationalism in India in the following ways:
By the end of the 19th century, a large number of newspapers in Indian vernacular languages were published, making it easier to circumvent the language barriers among the various ethnic groups of Indians.
These newspapers published articles written by national leaders. Their ideas were communicated to the masses through these newspapers.
The people of different communities and places were thus connected by print media. Newspapers conveyed news from one place to another, creating a pan-Indian identity.
The nationalist newspapers exposed the colonial misrule and encouraged nationalist activities. As these were written in spoken languages of various regions common man could easily understand the content.
For example, when Punjab revolutionaries were deported in 1907, Balagangadhar Tilak wrote articles sympathising with them. He was arrested which provoked protest among masses.
Thus it is clear that print culture assisted the growth of nationalism in India.
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